Daddy Longlegs Arachnids, but Not Spiders

People often mistake a daddy longlegs, also called a harvestman, for a spider. Daddy longlegs do have some spider-like qualities since, like spiders, they are classified as  arachnids. Like all arachnids, they do have eight legs and tend to skitter about the way spiders do. We often see them in the same places where we see spiders. In fact, daddy longlegs are more like scorpions than spiders. Arachnids Other critters that are arachnids include scorpions, mites, and ticks, and those arthropods are certainly not spiders. In fact, arachnids are not insects either. Insects are animals with six legs, wings, or antennae. Arachnids have none of the above. Opiliones Compared to Araneae The  daddy longlegs  belongs to the order  Opiliones.  Unlike in spiders, the number of eyes of daddy longlegs, as well as body type, sex organs, and defensive mechanisms, are all different. In opilionids, the head, thorax, and abdomen are fused into one thoracic cavity. Spiders, of the order  Araneae, have a distinct waist between the cephalothorax and the abdomen. Opilionids have just two eyes, compared to the usual eight in spiders. Daddy longlegs also do not produce silk, unlike spiders. They do not spin webs, and they do not use webs to capture prey. If you find a harvestman in a web, it does not live there. It probably would like to be rescued from the spider that is about to eat it. Finally, daddy longlegs are not venomous. They do not have fangs, nor venom glands. Most spiders, with only a few exceptions, produce venom. Special Adaptations Daddy longlegs stink when threatened, thanks to defensive stink glands, which have been observed to repulse predators. Daddy longlegs are usually extremely well camouflaged. During the day, many of them hide in crevasses, and when disturbed, they usually curl up and remain motionless for several minutes by playing dead—which works extraordinarily well. Anyone who has tried to catch a daddy longlegs knows they have a tendency to shed their legs. Grab one by the foot, and it promptly lets go of the entire leg and runs off. They will voluntarily shed legs to get away from predators, but sadly a new appendage does not grow back if it is already full grown. There is some hope if it is in the nymph stage that the leg might grow back. Its legs are not just vital to locomotion, they are also nerve centers. Through its legs, the daddy longlegs may sense vibrations, smells, and tastes. Pull the legs off a harvestman, and you might be limiting its ability to make sense of the world. Mating Behavior and Sex Organs Unlike spiders that use an indirect method of transferring sperm to females, the harvestman does tend to have elaborate mating rituals and a specialized organ capable of depositing sperm directly into the female. In some harvestman species, there are sneaky males also known as beta males, who camouflage themselves as females, get close to a female and plant its seed into unwitting females. Other Daddy Longlegs Some of the confusion over whether the daddy longlegs is a spider comes from the fact that there are two are small creatures with that name, and one actually is a spider. The daddy longlegs spider is the cellar spider. It is pale gray or tan and has banding or chevron markings. Crane flies, which resemble large mosquitoes, are sometimes called daddy longlegs as well.

A Review of Three Articles on Domestic Violence Essay...

One of the most overlooked forms of violence in today’s society is domestic violence. Domestic violence is most likely to occur behind closed doors, which is one of the main reasons why domestic violence is not given that much attention. In most cases domestic violence is the silent, ugly side of dating and people do not like to talk about it. Due to the fact that domestic violence is becoming more common over the years warrants more and more research to help with the ongoing problem. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Why do men in the United States resort to domestic violence? Domestic violence is an intense or furious often-destructive action or force within the household. Domestic violence is measured by any physical or verbal abuse. This†¦show more content†¦The Whites had a history of domestic problems, said officials. Vincent White was just released from prison last year after serving two years for domestic violence, assault, and abduction. According to police and court records, Vincent White has had legal problems dating back to 2009. Vincent White’s father blamed what happened on his son’s drug habit, however he did not go into what type of drugs. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In this article there were a few strengths. I believe finding out the age difference between the couple could have some meaning behind it. They were a mixed couple, which could also be the reason for some domestic troubles. The victim’s husband had some drug issues, however the article did not specify what type or types of drugs the murderer was into. Knowing that Vincent White was doing drugs is a solid strength, but since the article did not go into detail it could also be considered a weakness. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The second article, Violence: The Silent, Ugly Side Of Dating, by Dennis Wilken-TGI Staff Writer. Porch and her staff go out to the high schools to discuss teen dating violence to help the younger generation opens their eyes to domestic violence. Porch is the teen co-coordinator for the Domestic Violence Clearinghouse and Legal Hotline. â€Å"We talk to both male and female students. Violence starts by someone thinking they have the right to control another person,† PorchShow MoreRelatedDomestic Violence As A Public Health Problem Essay1403 Words   |  6 PagesDomestic violence as a public health problem is studied from an epidemiological perspective. Epidemiology is the core of public health, providing insight into the causes, prevalence, and control of disease in populations. Partner abuse is defined, risk factors, prevalence, and consequences are addressed from both the civilian and military perspectives as it relates to the batterer, spouse, and children. 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Women with disabilitiesRead MorePeer Reviews : Aid The Exploration806 Words   |  4 PagesThe scholarly journals have a huge contribution or reviewers behind them. ‘Peer Reviews’ aid the exploration, setting up of a strategy by which it can be assessed, and increment organizing conceivable outcomes inside of examination groups. Notwithstanding reactions, ‘Peer Review’ is still the main broadly acknowledged system for examination acceptance. Peer reviewing is a framework that is utilized by researchers to choose which research results ought to be distributed in scientific journals. PeerRead MoreWomen Domestic Violence Offenders : Lessons Of Violence And Survival 2007907 Words   |  4 PagesWomen Domestic Violence Offenders Cindy L. Seaman, Linda J. Rubin, and Sally D. Stabb, all affiliated with Texas Woman’s University, composed the article: Women Domestic Violence Offenders: Lessons of Violence and Survival 2007. In result of the growing problem of women that are more frequently being arrested for assaulting their partners, the need for exploration and research to investigate this phenomenon, along with women’s motivations for current violence, was necessary. The author’s

A Strange Meeting Free Essays

The blistering cold atmosphere shrouded by its crystalline twilight embodied it’s presence over the dark Tamoe Highlands; the field which divided the two kingdoms of Lucil. The gloomy surroundings pierced the night sky, causing people to wonder what sort of menace was at work here; what evil had corrupted the lands of their beloved domain. Gathering people crawled outside of the city walls, on both fronts; the kingdoms of Garthia, and Reynard. We will write a custom essay sample on A Strange Meeting or any similar topic only for you Order Now They stood in amazement, as sparks of light flickered over head, vaporising the darkness that should have been convenient, replacing it with the most beautiful pearl-like spheres; whose exterior was sheltered with tiny diamonds of exquisiteness. The people turned their gaze to a larger sphere, more dominant, as it were. This orb was unlike anything anyone had ever seen; it’s splendour unmatched. The stone cold daze of every single soul; every human, had its eyes fixed on its occurrence, as it twirled in the sparkling sky, gleaming its magnificence for all to see. People began to pace themselves, gradually moving their feet, eyes always focused on their objective; the sphere. They were drawn to its presence, drawn there by some unseen force, or perhaps, they were a victim to greed; all wishing to obtain this obsidian of absolute perfection. Whatever the reason, they all wanted the same thing. Every last person there wanted to touch this orb in the sky, before them. As one of the kingdom members reached out for it, the others became slightly annoyed, agitated by what was happening. Before they knew it, their calm, peaceful, hands became weapons, as they fought each other for this object; this beauty. The greed in every single of them was reflecting the golden aura in each of their eyes, as they killed one another for the sake of this newly born object. One by one, the slaughter went on, humans dying, fighting for the possession of this item. Eventually, one remained; a man by the name of Tarik. He was a great man, a blacksmith, from the kingdom of Reynard. He was a very respectable man; always there when his service was needed, and even when it wasn’t needed, he would be there to give a helping hand to anyone who needed it. Grasping the golden sphere in his hands, he peered into its surface; curious of where this came from — it’s origin. Nothing like this had been seen before, so it was obvious to him that he was holding some sort of relic; an item that was clearly sought after. He held this item close to his chest, making sure his grip was tightly holding it; afraid someone would steal it from him. Years past, times changed, kingdoms crumbled, and legends were created, and people’s theories blinded those who were imprudent enough to alter the truth. Stories were told, people were educated; wondering where this mysterious orb now lay. There were many different stories and films dedicated to exploiting the truth, but they were always altered in on way or another; never fully showing what happened. A young boy strutted up to the building, hands lying lazily in his coat pockets, playing with the loose change he gained upon purchasing some goods for his mother, half-hour past. He tilted his head as he approached the suede doors; seemingly pondering about it’s interior. He let our a silent sigh, as he took the last few steps, before swinging the giant doors open with a keen thrust. â€Å"Anybody home?† he muttered, echoing through the dark halls of the building. There was no response. The boy gazed around, looking for someone he could possibly talk to. He walked towards the reception desk, peering over the counter, to find absolutely no one there. The boy then retreated back a few steps, before searching once more for someone, anyone, who could help him. â€Å"Peter?† ‘Peter’ turned around, his gaze now fixed on the speaker of his name; searching needlessly to match their face to a name. â€Å"Back again, I see. Hm, you’ll have to learn we won’t help you with every single need† alleged the woman, powerfully, with her strong voice. Peter’s head tilted forwards, staring at the ground, as if the words of this woman have shunned his feelings, making him sad in the event that he could not get his own way. Removing his hands from his pockets, he brushed stray hairs from his face, and gently tucked them behind his ear. â€Å"I understand†¦it’s just that, I’ve heard so much about this sphere, I need someone to actually help me find it!† The young boy was keen, his will strong, on finding the legend of his homeland, Lucil. He wanted to experience, and understands, the beauty his people had witnessed over four thousand years before him. He was certain it lay dormant in this particular place, but had no one to help him excavate it. The woman shook her head, and walked forwards towards Peter. She patted him softly, on his cushioned hair, comforting him, before strolling off down one of the larger corridors; her feet creating constant echoes of footsteps in her wake. â€Å"I’ll get it†¦with or without help, I’ll get it† thought Peter, as he thudded the doors open, once more, with his hands; this time, more quickly and powerfully, to match his newly acquired mood. The streets of New Reynard were silent; the day was drawing to an end, as the bright sun sunk behind the surrounding mountains. Clouds were growing darker, as rain began to trickle from their interior; showering the city, making a melody of frequent drumming, as it landed onto the earth. Peter peered up, staring into the clouds, before sitting down, peacefully, in the rain. He loved the rain; loved to be in it because of its glorifying touch, its caring aura of water. He just sat there, embracing the cold, damp, atmosphere, as he pondered existence, just as he always did when he was sat in the rain. The young boy wondered†¦about the sphere, more than anything. What importance does it have to the world? Why is it here? There were a lot of questions that he wanted, but was afraid, to discover. Hours past, and the rain moved on, revealing the midnight sky, and the all of its stars, intertwined its beautiful crescent. Peter stood up, soaked with water, he waltzed off down a road leading to his home; water trickling down his spherical visage. As he unlocked his door, he walked inside, taking his shoes off at the door, and planting them beside his families, before taking off his coat and placing it on a hanger. His family were long asleep, and he feared to wake them, so he simply ran upstairs to bed; pulling his blankets over his head, and dreaming of this sphere-like relic he desired to obtain. Morning arose, and he jumped out of his tiny bed. As he did so, he fluffed his pillow, and placed the blankets back over his bed. Peter spoke to none of his family, still, and walked out of the door, slamming it behind him, as he hastily walked off into the bustle streets of New Reynard. He was engulfed in desire to find this sphere, he was determined, and today, he would find it. After 2 years of research, and revising the theories, and so called â€Å"truth† on this event that took place 4000 years ago, he was determined, and sure, he would find it today; alone, if he had to. Running towards the mountains, Peter swung his arms as he ran as fast as he could. Before coming to the edge of town, he crossed the bridge that separated the settlement from the grasslands of Lucil; but it wasn’t very far to the mountain range, still. As he approached the mountains, there was a rather unexpected sound emerging from the depths of a cave; somewhere that had previously been explored many a time. The roaring noise became more frequent, and thunderous, as he stepped towards it. His necklace that was passed onto him from the generations of fathers seemingly began to fluctuate, as he got nearer, and nearer. Approaching even further still, the tiny bead on his necklace sprouted a neon-glow of blue, as it fired a tiny laser of accuracy into a small gap in the cave wall; causing an explosion of rock as it fell crumbled away, revealing a compartment within the caves. Peter approached it, his heart racing faster than it ever had, clutching at his chain to steady it. Slowly walking towards the inner area of the wall, he glared at a metallic shrine in front of him; he basked at its glory, for it was shunning a powerful aura of energy, sparking at the corners, where energy was leaping from its body. The boy walked towards the memorial; drips of sweat dripping down his face, as he approached it steadily, wondering what this was. He finally stood right next to it, reaching his right arm out slowly, as he tapped the surface with his index finger; wondering if anything would actually happen. There was a glare of blinding light, and Peter stood back, falling to the ground as he did so. His heart began to fluctuate even more, as the shrine hovered into the air, spiralling around in circles, like some sort of magic was in play here. There was a heart, tempered, voice coming from it, as it twirled in the air. â€Å"Hahaha†¦so you think you can take my sphere, do you? Hahaha!† All of a sudden, the top of the memorial blew off, revealing a travesty of golden beams piercing the cave walls, and ceiling. Peter closed his eyes, whilst throwing his hands in front of his face, to shield himself from the blinding light that was in play. He wished that he had never come here, that he had never revealed this sacred shrine that was before him now; scaring him into thinking about nothing but torment. A man jumped out of the casket that was on the shrine, and walked towards Peter slowly; a golden sphere of beauty gently cradled in his arms, as he walked forwards, grinning as he did so. He spoke one more, in a more taunting manner. â€Å"Peter, Peter, Peter†¦how dare you intrude my place of sleep. How dare you think you can steal my sphere! How dare you!† Throwing his arm forwards, the man pierced Peter’s chest with his fist; revealing blood to drip from his lifeless body, as he fell backwards, lying completely on the floor; red liquid spurting from his mouth, as he choked in his own blood. The man grinned, before turning around, and heading back into the casket one more, to lay dormant again, with his precious sphere of beauty; protecting it from anyone who thinks they can take it from him. The mountains were once again silent†¦nothing could be heard, nothing was to be seen. The dark skies covered the twilight horizon, as day became a fragment of bliss. †¦that is the tale, of the striking orb. The tale that has been since passed on from man to man; but, who could have passed on, when there was no one there but the boy? Theories have emerged, legends have been written, but no one knows for sure how the story came about. How to cite A Strange Meeting, Papers

Global Business Management for International Journal-myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theGlobal Business Management for International Journal. Answer: Introduction: ABB PBS entered in the market as a joint venture from 1993 of 15th April. ABB as a joint venture has 67% of stake and PBS is having 33%. At the very first two years of their journey as a joint venture ABB PBS has made a good start by providing effective services. The primary product lines with which ABB PBS is surrounded include power plants, boilers, turbines and other external services. However, while maintaining the entire business process systematically ABB PBS has faced some of the major challenges for maintaining business sustainability. This specific study focuses to make an in-depth overview on how ABB PBS had to face difficulties for controlling the entire management process as well as their entire value chain system after the joint venture. Value Chain Analysis of ABB PBS Value chain is the systematic process of evaluating the primary activities that ABB PBS should consider in order to reach the competitive advantages (Myerson, 2012). As per the case scenario, it has been observed that ABB PBS has faced numerous management issues while running the entire process of business. This specific part has provided detailed overview about the primary as well as support activities of ABB PBS while maintaining value chain system. Primary activities Inbound logistics Inbound logistics is the systematic procedure of receiving, storing and distributing the inputs internally. The products lines that this particular organization tends to store and receive include power plants, different boilers such as coal, gas and fluidized beds and so on. In addition, the organization tends to restore thermal power plants, flue glass cleaning ash and so on. The department of quality assurance of ABB PBS controls the entire inbound system. One of the most significant strength that ABB PBS is having within the logistic control system includes the presence of quality assurance department before dispatching a particular product to the proper destination (Prajogo Olhager, 2012). On the other hand, case scenario depicts that ABB PBS has not recruited sufficient number of employees within information system so that the entire process of strong and distributing can be handled systematically. Operations Operation is the entire transformation activities that a particular business organization has to follow from manufacturing the products to its ultimate delivery. Supple management department, quality assurance and information system are primarily involved for keeping a constant control over entire operation process of ABB PBS. At the same time, it has been observed that ABB PBS has faced two major management issues on two primary areas including human capital transformation and maintaining relationship with other ABB companies. Due to the lack of sufficient internal resources the parent organization failed to supply sufficient resource to the sister companies (Govindan, Soleimani Kannan, 2015). As a result, the entire process of business felt innumerable difficulties in maintaining business sustainability. Outbound logistics The primary responsibility of supply chain management is to deliver the product to proper destination. The implementation of technological development within the business process of ABB PBS has not been conducted properly. As a result, the customers had to wait for a long time in order to receive the products and service within stipulated time. This particular factors leave as a major negative impact in maintaining the organizational image and reputation. At the same time, it is undeniable that in 1995 ABB PBS has achieved 50% increase for labor productivity (Gereffi Fernandez-Stark, 2016). However, with the current trend of business ABB PBS should render technological advancement for receiving the entire product within the given deadline. Marketing and sales Providing quality of products and services is not the only primary mission of a particular company. In order to introduce the brand in different multinational countries a particular business organization with the help of marketing and sales department should make effective promotional activities (Soosay, Fearne Dent, 2012). As a result the international customers would show their interest in getting an in-depth overview about the products. In this specific case scenario it has been observed that ABB PBS has not taken effective initiatives in promoting their products and service by utilizing the popularity of media. Therefore, ABB PBS has to face difficulties in gaining international image and reputation. Service Along with maintaining the quality of products the business organizations have to provide superior quality of service process as well for maintaining organizational image and reputation (Rai et al., 2012). This specific study has focused to make an in-depth overview on how ABB PBS failed to deliver the products to the destination of customers due to management issues as well as issues associated with entire information system. Support activities Procurement Procurement is the initiative that a business organization takes to get and maintain its organizational resources. In order to maintain the internal resources ABB PBS has focused to create a specific hierarchy within the organization in the entire logistic department. Technology development As already stated ABB PBS needs to render an effective technological development for making the entire operation process faster (Gligor Holcomb, 2012). In addition, Richard Kuba should take an initiative of appointing efficient trainers for developing the technological skill of employees as well for maintaining the entire value chain process systematically. Human resource management The primary role of human resource managers of ABB PBS in maintaining a joint venture is to give equal priority and response to every individual employee for appointing within the business process (Shabani, Akhtari Sowlati, 2013). In addition, the human resource managers intends to measure the entire performance level of the employees as well. Firm Infrastructure As per the infrastructure of ABB PBS has joint stake in forming the entire process of business. PBS has afforded around 4000 employees within the chain in order to provide effective services (Gereffi Sturgeon, 2013). The entire organization is constituted with several departments including quality assurance, human resources, finance and accounting, information system, sales and marketing supply chain management and so on. After evaluating the entire case scenario it has been identified that ABB PBS should increase workforce strength within quality assurance and information system department for maintaining business rhythmic flow. Recommendation: After evaluating the entire value chain procedure maintained by ABB PBS some of the most effective recommendations can be provided in this specific study. The recommendations are as follows: Rendering improvement in information system is one of the most significant initiatives that ABB PBS should follow for improving their entire logistic procedure. On the other hand, the organization can provide an effective training to the business experts as well in order to develop their technological skill. Automatically the entire services will be delivered within time ABB PBS can form a refurbishment department within the quality assurance system. The primary responsibility of this particular department would be making an in-depth analysis about the products returned or complained by the customers. The organization after receiving the customers complaints should take an initiative of repairing the entire product within time so that the customers do not show their level of dissatisfaction after receiving a defective product. Therefore, customers feedback and complaints should be taken positively so that they do not show any kind of dissatisfaction. Conclusion: This specific study has provided a deep insight on how ABB PBS has to face innumerable difficulties in maintaining the entire process of joint venture in the global market due to the lack of insufficient internal resources and management issue. After evaluating the entire case study, the report has focused to make the value chain process that ABB PBS tends to follow for running their business. Different flaws within the value chain process have also been highlighted in the very specific study. Reference List: Christopher, M. (2016).Logistics supply chain management. Pearson UK. Gereffi, G., Fernandez-Stark, K. (2016). Global value chain analysis: a primer. Gereffi, G., Sturgeon, T. (2013). Global value chain-oriented industrial policy: the role of emerging economies.Global value chains in a changing world. Gligor, D. M., Holcomb, M. C. (2012). Understanding the role of logistics capabilities in achieving supply chain agility: a systematic literature review.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,17(4), 438-453. Govindan, K., Soleimani, H., Kannan, D. (2015). Reverse logistics and closed-loop supply chain: A comprehensive review to explore the future.European Journal of Operational Research,240(3), 603-626. Myerson, P. (2012).Lean supply chain and logistics management. New York: McGraw-Hill. Prajogo, D., Olhager, J. (2012). Supply chain integration and performance: The effects of long-term relationships, information technology and sharing, and logistics integration.International Journal of Production Economics,135(1), 514-522. Rai, A., Pavlou, P. A., Im, G., Du, S. (2012). Interfirm IT capability profiles and communications for cocreating relational value: evidence from the logistics industry.MIS quarterly,36(1), 233-262. Shabani, N., Akhtari, S., Sowlati, T. (2013). Value chain optimization of forest biomass for bioenergy production: a review.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,23, 299-311. Soosay, C., Fearne, A., Dent, B. (2012). Sustainable value chain analysisa case study of Oxford Landing from vine to dine.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,17(1), 68-77.

Insulin Pump free essay sample

Introduction:1 †¢ Type 1 Diabetes2 †¢ Type 2 Diabetes2 †¢ Gestational Diabetes2 2. Scope:3 3. The insulin pump hardware organization:3 4. Need:4 5. Requirements for the insulin pump:4 6. Risks Analysis5 6. 1 Business Impact Risks:5 6. 2 Customer related risks:5 6. 3 Technology risks:6 7. Risk table:6 7. 1 Technology will meet expectations:6 7. 2 End users resist system:7 7. 3 Changes in Requirements7 7. 4 Lack of development experience:7 7. 5 Poor quality documentation:8 8. Insulin delivery system8 . Requirement Models9 10. Interfaces For The Automatic Insulin Pump10 11. Data Flow Diagram14 12. Summary15 13. References16 Introduction: The problem of diabetes is a growing concern in the world, especially among Americans. Diabetes is a medical condition where the body does not manufacture its own insulin. Insulin is used to metabolize sugar and, if it is not available, the person suffering from diabetes will eventually be poisoned by the build-up of sugar. It is importan t to maintain blood sugar levels within a safe range as high levels of blood sugar have long-term complications such as kidney damage and eye damage. These are not however, normally dangerous in the short-term. We will write a custom essay sample on Insulin Pump or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Very low levels of blood sugar (hypoglaecemia) are potentially very dangerous in the short-term. They result in a shortage of sugar to the brain which causes confusion and ultimately a diabetic coma and death. In such circumstances, it is important for the diabetic to eat something to increase their blood sugar level. An estimated 23. 6 million people in the United States—7. 8 percent of the population—have diabetes, a serious, lifelong condition. Of those, 17. 9 million have been diagnosed, and 5. 7 million have not yet been diagnosed. In 2007, about 1. million people ages 20 or older were diagnosed with diabetes [pic] The three main types of diabetes are †¢ type 1 diabetes †¢ type 2 diabetes †¢ gestational diabetes †¢ Type 1 Diabetes Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease. An autoimmune disease results when the body’s system for fighting infection—the immune system—turns against a part of the body. In diabetes, the immune sy stem attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. The pancreas then produces little or no insulin. A person who has type 1 diabetes must take insulin daily to live. †¢ Type 2 Diabetes The most common form of diabetes is type 2 diabetes. About 90 to 95 percent of people with diabetes have type 2. This form of diabetes is most often associated with older age, obesity, family history of diabetes, previous history of gestational diabetes, physical inactivity, and certain ethnicities. About 80 percent of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight. †¢ Gestational Diabetes Some women develop gestational diabetes late in pregnancy. Although this form of diabetes usually disappears after the birth of the baby, women who have had gestational diabetes have a 40 to 60 percent chance of developing type 2 diabetes within 5 to 10 years. Maintaining a reasonable body weight and being physically active may help prevent development of type 2 diabetes. The easiest way for Type 2 patients to manage their health is through a healthy diet and exercise plan. For Type 1 patients, treatment almost always involves the daily injection of insulin, which is the focus of the Automated Insulin Pump System (AIPS). Currently, there are two ways in which a patient can administer insulin. In the first method, the user must check his or her blood sugar with a glucose sensor, calculate the appropriate amount of insulin to administer, and personally inject the insulin. In the second method, the patient uses an AIPS. The AIPS detects the level of glucose in the user’s blood, calculates the amount of insulin need, then triggers a pump to administer the correct dosage to the user via a needle that inserted into the user. Both of these methods require the user to play a critical role in his or her treatment. Using the AIPS minimizes the possibility of errors occurring. To accomplish this, the AIPS integrates the blood glucose sensor and the insulin pump into one system. Integrating these two processes allows the autonomous delivery of insulin to the user. This ability of the system to remove the user from the glucose self monitoring and injection process allows diabetics to live a healthier and more enjoyable lifestyle. Scope: We are developing a that system measures the level of blood sugar every 10 minutes and if this level is above a certain value and is increasing then the dose of insulin to counteract the increase is computed and injected into the diabetic. The system can also detect abnormally low levels of blood sugar and, if these occur, an alarm is sounded to warn the diabetic that they should take some action. This report focuses on the control software for the insulin pump which is concerned with reading the blood sugar (glucose) sensor, computing the insulin requirements and controlling the micro pump which causes the insulin to be delivered. Automatic insulin delivery systems help to keep blood glucose level under control. Administering insulin with different methods aims to improve patients comfort and convenience. Automated Insulin pumps are little computerized insulin deliverers. Automatic insulin delivery systems can be used for treating type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes, juvenile diabetes, diabetes mellitus and alike. But, the information about diabetes is crucial for having the perfect diabetes medication. The insulin pump hardware organization: An insulin pump is a safety-critical system which is used to deliver regular doses of insulin to diabetics. A block diagram of the insulin pump assembly is shown below. Note that the small boxes marked s indicate a sensor. [pic] Figure 2: The insulin pump hardware organization †¢ Needle assembly Connected to pump. Component used to deliver insulin into diabetic’s body. †¢ Sensor Measures the level of sugar in the patient’s blood. The input from the sensor is represented by Reading in the following specification. Pump Pumps insulin from a reservoir to the needle assembly. The value representing the number of increments of insulin to be administered is represented by dose! in the following specification. †¢ Controller Controls the entire system. This has a three position switch (off/auto/manual) plus a button to set the number o f units of insulin to be delivered (1 unit per press). Moving the switch to the manual position causes the blood sugar measurement and automated insulin delivery to be disabled but information is maintained about the amount of insulin delivered and the reservoir capacity. †¢ Alarm Sounded if there is some problem. The value sent to the alarm is represented alarm! In the following specification. Displays There are 3 displays. These displays are represented by display1, display2 and clock in the following specification. display1 displays system messages, display2 shows the last dose of insulin delivered and clock shows the current clock time. †¢ Clock Provides the controller with the current time. The system clock is initialized when the machine is installed and the start time of each 24-hour period is set at midnight each day using a hardware interface on the machine. For safety reasons, the clock cannot be altered by system users. Need: With almost 200 million with diabetes world wide and about 400,000 patients currently on insulin pumps, there is sufficient market potential to spur further development, and at least 6 companies are selling devices in the U. S. Very short clinical trials have proven the concept of a closed-loop system, but the technology must catch up for long-term implantation. By 2015 there could well be an implanted closed-loop system on the market. It will likely take several years longer before it is clear when the device is a superior alternative to other advancing technologies. Requirements for the insulin pump: This specification is a specification of the requirements for the control software for the insulin pump. It is NOT a complete system requirements specification for the pump itself or even all of the software associated with the pump. In particular, it does not include a specification of the self-testing operations or a specification of the hardware interfacing. The requirements for the insulin pump are specified in natural language and partially in the Z specification language. Z is not ideal to express all requirements but is useful when precise descriptions are required. In all cases, the Z specification should be considered as an annotation that provides detailed information which augments the natural language specification. [pic] Figure 2: Insulin pump Risks Analysis: Alarm condition Explanation: |Alarm conditions |Explanation | |Battery low |The voltage of the battery has fallen to less than 0. V | |Sensor failure |The self-test of the sugar sensor has resulted in an error | |Pump failure |The self-test of the pump has resulted in an error | |Delivery failure |It has not been possible to deliver the specified amount of insulin | |Needle assembly removed |The user has removed the needle assembly | |Insulin reservoir removed |The user has removed the insulin reservoir | |Low insulin level |The level of insulin is low (indicating that the reservoir should be changed). | Table 1: Error conditions for the insulin pump. 6. 1 Business Impact Risks: The number of the customer is fairly high. There is large number of users of insulin pump. Their need is considered consistent as all target users will be patients of diabetes. Sophistication of end users: Low, the target users are patients of diabetics. Automatic insulin pump is designed to be easy to use, and is supplied with directions to guide through all necessary steps in using the machine. 6. 2 Customer related risks: Past coordination: We are developing software because of the increased of diabetes among which children are also included. So to give them facility we are developing complete new program that will help them a lot. †¢ Customer information: Customer has the idea how to use it because of already available automatic pumps in the market but this one is more sophisticated and all directions are given with it as well. 6. 3 Technology risks: Familiarity: Automatic insulin pump is a software tool to aid diabetic patients. Development team members are familiar with software development, as well as the necessary data base implementation. Specialized user interface: The interface is completely specialized. It is not based on anything other than every other Microsoft Windows application out. The GUI is completely our design and no other application out (to our knowledge) contains exactly what is expected of our software. Risk table: |Risks |Probability |Impact | |Technology will meet expectations |25% 1 | |End user resist system |20% |1 | |Changes in requirement |20% |2 | |Lack of development experience |20% |2 | |Poor quality documentation |35% |2 | Impact Values: 1 – Catastrophic 2 – Critical 3 – Marginal 4 – Negligible 7. 1 Technology will meet expectations: †¢ Mitigation In order to prevent this from happening, meetings (formal and informal) will be held with the customer on a routine business. This in sures that the product we are producing, and the specifications of the customer are equivalent. †¢ Monitoring The meetings with the customer should ensure that the customer and our organization understand each other and the requirements for the product. Management Should the development team come to the realization that their idea of the product Specifications differs from those of the customer, the customer should be immediately notified and whatever steps necessary to rectify this problem should be done. Preferably a meeting should be held between the development team and the customer to discuss at length this issue. 7. 2 End users resist system: †¢ Mitigation In order to prevent this from happening, meetings (formal and informal) will be held with the customer on a routine business. This insures that the product we are producing, and the requirements of the customer are equivalent. †¢ Monitoring The meetings with the customer should ensure that the customer and our organization understand each other and the requirements for the product. †¢ Management Should the development team come to the realization that their idea of the product requirements differs from those of the customer, the customer should be immediately notified and whatever steps necessary to rectify this problem should be taken. Preferably a meeting should be held between the development team and the customer to discuss at length this issue. 7. 3 Changes in Requirements †¢ Mitigation In order to prevent this from happening, meetings (formal and informal) will be held with the customer on a routine business. This insures that the product we are producing, and the requirements of the customer are equivalent. †¢ Monitoring The meetings with the customer should ensure that the customer and our organization understand each other and the requirements for the product. †¢ Management Should the development team come to the realization that their idea of the product requirements differs from those of the customer, the customer should be immediately notified and whatever steps necessary to rectify this problem should be taken. Preferably a meeting should be held between the development team and the customer to discuss at length this issue. 7. 4 Lack of development experience: †¢ Mitigation In order to prevent this from happening, the development team will be required to learn the languages and techniques necessary to develop this software. The member of the team that is the most experienced in a particular facet of the development tools will need to instruct those who are not as well versed. †¢ Monitoring Each member of the team should watch and see areas where another team member may be weak. Also if one of the members is weak in a particular area it should be brought to the attention by that member, to the other members. †¢ Management The members who have the most experience in a particular area will be required to help those who don’t out should it come to the attention of the team that a particular member needs help. 7. 4 Poor quality documentation: †¢ Mitigation In order to prevent this to happening, members who are in charge of developing the documentation will keep in contact with witch developer on the team. Meeting will be held routinely to offer documentation suggestions and topics. Any topic deemed missing by a particular developer will be discussed and it will be decided whether or not to add that particular topic to that documentation. In addition, beta testers will be questioned about their opinion of the documentation. †¢ Monitoring Throughout development or normal in and out of house testing, the development team and or beta testers will need to keep their eyes open for any possible documentation topics that have not been included. †¢ Management Should this occur, the organization would call a meeting and discuss the addition of new topics, or removal of unnecessary topics into the documentation. Insulin delivery system [pic] Requirement Models [pic] Figure 3: Requirement Use Case Diagram [pic] Interfaces For The Automatic Insulin Pump The user interface displays all relevant system information to the user, as well as all controls needed to operate the system in â€Å"manual† mode. The GUI displays the current time, the last time a dose of insulin was administered, and the corresponding amount of that dose. If any hardware component malfunctions while the system is running, a system alarm indicator activates, prompting the user to check the system messages. This alarm is both auditory and visual. By scrolling through the system messages, the user can isolate the source of the error and take appropriate measures. Other indicators on the GUI show the level of charge in the battery and the amount of insulin remaining in the reservoir, there is also a history button which displays a table containing a history of blood sugar values and doses. [pic] Figure 5: System User Interface. [pic] Figure 6: System User Interface During Failure [pic] Figure 7: Table of history of the system. Besides displaying relevant system information, the user interface also functions as a control panel for manual operation of the insulin pump. To deliver a manual dose of insulin, the toggle switch controlling the operation mode must be set to manual. Once the system is running in manual mode, the user may press the â€Å"Inject 1 Unit† button to deliver one unit of insulin. Even in manual mode the system users decisions are checked make sure they do not exceed the maximum daily dose. Figure 7 illustrates the error message from attempting to deliver more than the maximum daily dosage. [pic] Figure 8: Visual Notification of Maximum Insulin Dose for the Day. In addition to the User Interface a hardware simulator was design and coded to run on beneath the insulin pump and provide the backend with different state levels for the various internal variables. Figure 8 displays the portion of the GUI that displays the internal variables. Data Flow Diagram [pic] Summary There may be at least 640,000 who good candidates for the insulin pump. It is an especially useful advance for many type 1 patients whose glucose control is difficult to manage and require several injections of insulin and glucose checks a day. It is still unclear whe n the pump is beneficial for type 2 patients. †¢ The technology has come a long way with an integrated system that continuously monitors glucose, a management system with algorithms providing advice on amount of insulin required and an external pump injecting insulin through a subcutaneous canula. This â€Å"advise you† open loop system dramatically increases the complexity of management. It has beneficial for those dedicated to its use, but it is unclear when it should be used. †¢ Diabetes experts feel current pumps (with or without continuous glucose monitoring) are best used by those who are knowledgeable, very meticulous in their diabetes management and accept fact that the system requires a lot of attention. These people value the benefits of the pump. Others do not desire using a pump system and get about the same satisfactory results with multiple daily injections as they would by trying to manage a pump. †¢ Controlled studies on the benefits of insulin pumps and continuous glucose monitoring are still needed to demonstrate a clear benefit over other aggressive therapeutic options. This applies to both type 1 and type 2 patients. †¢ The current integrated system is very expensive – up to $7,500 a year for the disposable sensors, canulas and insulin plus the cost of the pump. It requires insertion of new glucose sensors and insulin canulas every 3 days or more often and attention to detail in safely keeping all the components functioning properly. Focused attention is also required in adjusting and administering bolus insulin doses. †¢ Many insurers provide reimbursement for the pump. Diabetes advocacy groups (JDRF ADA) are working hard to secure insurance and Medicaid coverage for the continuous glucose monitoring component with its expensive disposable components. Within the next 2-4 years, an implanted pump will be available that will allow more freedom, but at more expense and risk. It will work like the new external pumps and can be used with the independent subcutaneous glucose monitor. It will not be a closed-loop system. †¢ With ov er 400,000 people worldwide currently using pumps and many more considering pump usage, there appear to be sufficient marketplace incentives to encourage technological advances. Our rough estimates suggest 650,000 in the US might benefit from these systems. References †¢ http://74. 125. 155. 132/search? q=cache:- valCGvPRHEJ:www. comp. lancs. ac. uk/computing/resources/IanS/SE7/CaseStudies/InsulinPump/Slides/Insulin-pumpOverview. ppt+scope+of+diabetes+in+software+enginee

buy custom Universal Health Care essay

buy custom Universal Health Care essay Universal health care refers to a scheme of issuing health treatment for any participants who are enthusiastic. The government normally undertakes the program using funds from levies. However, it is fascinating to note that the United States is the only developed nation that does not have the universal health care scheme for its people. There has been a prolonged debate concerning the implementation of universal healthcare in the United States of America. However, the question to ask is; does universal health care provide certain outstanding benefits to US people or does it do more harm than good? Therefore, the ultimate aim of this context is to give an argument as to why the universal healthcare system is important and has to be implemented in the United States (Jose Mosserli 93). Argument concerning implementation of universal health care in the USA I suppose that universal health care is beneficial to the United States citizens because of several reasons. To begin with, health care has become less affordable for businesses and people. Some companies and people that opt to maintain their health care tactics still have to pay higher costs. Let it be clear that businesses only have some amount of cash they can spend on employees. If they are to spend extra on health insurance premiums, they will have little money left to pay for new hires, raises, investments, and many other things (Jui-Fen and Hsiao 78). People who must disburse more on premiums have remarkably small amount of cash to spend on food, rent, and consumer products, which means less cash is driven into the economy. Therefore, health care stops the nation from creating a robust economic revival. However, some people argue that government-managed health care would result in a reduction of patient flexibility. They further state that, at first, the process may seem to be effective for the patients as they are likely to increase flexibility, but with time the government begins to strive to keep the costs withn the set limit because the fulfillment of certain actions is expensive to a large extent. For example, would elective surgeries that include wart removal, breast implants, Lasik eye surgery, and hair restoration be covered? The government may decide that the patients must pay for elective surgeries but then, who would decide what is elective and what is needed? What about the disease like breast minimization to avoid back illnesses? Generally, the entire process is too costly for the government to handle and the citizens are the affected parties (Mosserli 110). However, universal health care can be insured with health insurance companies for the majority of occupants. The number of uninsured citizens in the United States has increased to more than 45 million individuals although it encompasses illegal immigrants. The fact that health care costs are still rising, the inflation rates are causing several businesses to decide to stop offering health plans or to forward large amounts of costs to the workers. Those workers that pay higher prices on the other hand, opt to survive without health coverage. In other words, they decide to work without health insurance companies. However, surviving without health insurance never imply that an individual cannot have access to health care because there are several clinics and medical services offered freely to poor people. Nevertheless, the expenses that are not covered by insurance must be soaked up by all the rest of the citizens thus intensifying premiums (Jui-Fen and Hsiao 78). The number of uninsur ed people has been questioned in the sense that it encompasses illegal immigrants and individuals making more than $75K who opt to ignore health coverage and others who have some alternatives for coverage but decide not to get it. The actual number of individuals who do not have any alternatives is approximately 15 million and the government has to care for all of them. Therefore, universal health care is essential for the United States citiizens (Mosserli 122). Some individuals also argue that there is not even one government organization or department that operates professionally. Do people need an agency such as the US Levy Code to control something as complicated as health care matter? The response is no because when a person tries to imagine that there is any government department that operates efficiently, one may find such a department. Think of the department of education or any other office including Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, Social Security and Administration, Department of Transportation, none of them is running efficiently (Jui-Fen and Hsiao 78). This means that encompassing the universal health care system simply means adding another burden to an already heavy load for the government. Nevertheless, universal health care can help get rid of such incompetence as duplication of paper work, insurance submission, and claim approval. When a person looks back and analyzes his or her life, it becomes clear that he or she has filled out medical history responding to similar questions for several times. The same case occurred while working with the insurance paperwork that is filled in and submitted several times (Mosserli 156). There is no doubt that the present health care scheme creates an enormous amount of overheads. All the time when a patient visits a physician, an assertion has to be issued, the approval department has to check the assertion, then checks have to be sent via emails and patients have to rush from one office to another to co-pay bills, etc. All this is a waste of time. Moreover, it can result in the delay of treatment of the suffering patient. Besides, each doctors office has its own record system, which they have to go through before treating the patient. However, the universal health care system will permit individuals to develop one unified system where there would be no essence of keeping in surance information or wasting time issuing assertions. Buy custom Universal Health Care essay

What is the service encounter and how is it managed in the hospitality Essay

What is the service encounter and how is it managed in the hospitality industry - Essay Example â€Å"A service encounter is defined as the period of time that a customer interacts with a service†.The description of a service encounter is wide and comprises of a customer’s contact with customer-contact staff, machinery, computerized systems, physical services, and any other service related components (Massad and Crowston, 2003). Service encounter is a very crucial event for an organization while conducting a service oriented business. In its essence, it refers to any contact or interaction between the customer and the organization providing the service (Johnston and Clark, 2008). As previously mentioned, this interaction may be in various different forms. It could be a person to person interaction between a seller and the customer, a communication between the organization and the customer through an advertisement, or even the customer’s encounter with the actual product of the organization, that is, the service it is providing (Johnston and Clark, 2008).As previously mentioned, this interaction may be in various different forms. It could be a person to person interaction between a seller and the customer, a communication between the organization and the customer through an advertisement, or even the customer’s encounter with the actual product of the organization, that is, the service it is providing (Johnston and Clark, 2008... An interesting fact regarding services is that it is a personal experience. That is, a person goes through the entire process of the service himself and has a much closer contact with the organization and its personnel as compared to a tangible product, in which case a person might never come in contact with the organization itself (Johnston and Clark, 2008). Moreover, the services have a more personal impression on the customers (for example a medical examination with the doctor, a haircut with the barber, a dress design session with the tailor, a wedding plan with the event manager, a birthday party at a restaurant etc.) and have a deeper impact on their lives as compared to the tangible products (like soaps, shampoos, clothes, shoes, and even cars, etc.) Therefore, the customers are more particular about choosing the service provider and once they are satisfied, they tend to stick to a particular service provider and hesitate to switch (Kotler, Bowen and Makens, 2005). Thus, if a series of service encounters, also called a service relationship, turns out to be a positive experience for the customer with a particular service provider, he becomes loyal to that organization and tends to stick (Johnston and Clark, 2008). Furthermore, the customer would talk about it happily with his peers and colleagues, that is, a positive word of mouth will be spread about the service being provided. Hence they become a service encounter themselves for potential new customers. This can work wonders for the reputation for the service provider since when it comes to services, most people refrain from experimenting and blindly follow referrals from close friends and family (Fitzsimmons and Fitzsimmons, 2006). Service Encounter and Hospitality